Understanding ADHD
It is now estimated that more than 4% of adults have ADHD. ADHD is a form of neurodivergence, meaning that the brain functions differently from the average person.
This condition arises from differences in neuron function and neurotransmitter activity, which affect how the brain processes information, regulates behavior, and maintains focus. One key factor is dopamine: low levels of this neurotransmitter can influence emotions, motivation, and the ability to experience pleasure and rewards, as well as impair focus. Additionally, chronic deficits in serotonin (5-HT) may contribute to ADHD symptoms. Serotonin helps regulate mood, memory, sleep, and appetite, and its deficiency can increase hyperactivity and impulsivity.
It is important to note that while ADHD can cause inconsistencies in performance or difficulties in certain areas, it does not affect intelligence. Many people with ADHD are highly intelligent but face challenges due to the symptoms of the condition.
ADHD is lifelong, present from birth, and is not curable, but it can be managed effectively through medication and therapy. There are three primary types:
Inattentive type
Hyperactive-impulsive type
Combined type
Symptoms may evolve over time, changing in intensity or presentation as a person grows older.
When untreated, ADHD can impact multiple areas of life. Individuals may struggle with working memory, controlling impulsive behaviors, sustaining attention on tasks they find uninteresting, completing responsibilities, staying organized, finishing projects, sitting still, or waiting their turn. These challenges often lead others to misinterpret them as lazy, irresponsible, or unreliable.
The internal pressure to perform, combined with external expectations, can result in stress, feelings of inadequacy, guilt, and self-blame. Over time, this may contribute to depression and anxiety, which are closely linked to untreated ADHD. Additionally, ADHD can intersect with other conditions, including substance use disorders, insomnia, and personality disorders, and may affect relationships, finances, and job stability.
While medications can help by improving focus and reducing hyperactivity, they do not address social skills, self-esteem, or stress management. Therefore, treatment is most effective when combined with therapies such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which help improve executive functioning and address anxiety and depression.
